What is the pathophysiology of rectal cancer?
Rectal cancer begins when healthy cells in the rectum develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell’s DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to grow uncontrollably and to continue living after healthy cells would die. The accumulating cells can form a tumor.
What causes rectal masses?
Rectal cancer occurs when cells in the rectum mutate and grow out of control. The disease may also develop when growths, called polyps, on the inner wall of the rectum develop and become cancerous. The risk of rectal cancer increases with age. The average age of a person diagnosed with colorectal cancer is 68.
What is rectal mass malignant?
Rectal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the rectum. Health history affects the risk of developing rectal cancer. Signs of rectal cancer include a change in bowel habits or blood in the stool.
Is a rectal mass always cancer?
Nearly all rectal cancer develops from rectal polyps, which are benign growths on the rectal wall. Detection and removal of these polyps by colonoscopy reduces the risk of getting rectal cancer. Your doctor can provide exact recommendations for rectal cancer screening based on your medical and family history.
What is the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer?
The hereditary forms of colorectal cancer such as Lynch syndrome are caused by a mutation in one of the DNA mismatch repair genes, which include MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, and EPCAM. Mutations in these genes inhibit the ability for proper mismatch repair during replication, causing an accumulation of DNA mutations.
What is the pathophysiology of prostate cancer?
Prostate cancer develops when the rates of cell division exceed those of cell death, leading to uncontrolled tumor growth. Following the initial transformation event, further mutations of a multitude of genes, including the genes for p53 and retinoblastoma, can lead to tumor progression and metastasis.
What is Perirectal mass?
As a group, tumors of the rectum are considerably different from the group of tumors that arise in the perirectal region: they are most often neoplastic, symptomatic, and malignant, whereas tumors arising in the perirectal region are most commonly congenital, asymptomatic, and benign.
Can a rectal tumor be benign?
Benign Tumors of the Colon and Rectum Benign tumors are usually discovered because a patient is examined for symptoms—such as rectal bleeding, changes in bowel habits (frequency of bowel movements, constipation, incontinence, urgency for bowel movements), or abdominal pain—or as a finding at a screening endoscopy.
What is the pathophysiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Pathophysiology. Prostatic enlargement depends on the potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT). In the prostate gland, type II 5-alpha-reductase metabolizes circulating testosterone into DHT, which works locally, not systemically. DHT binds to androgen receptors in the cell nuclei, potentially resulting in BPH.
How is BPH different from prostate cancer?
BPH is benign. This means it’s not cancer and it can’t spread. Prostate cancer can spread to other parts of your body. Both BPH and prostate cancer are common.
Where is a perineal mass?
The perineum is the surface region inferior to the pelvic diaphragm between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx. Many perineal masses extend from the pelvis. However, masses can arise from the perineum with or without pelvic extension.
What is the difference between a perirectal and perianal abscess?
A pelvic CT with IV contrast can be used to differentiate between a perianal abscess, which is located beneath the skin of the anal canal and does not transverse the external sphincter, and a perirectal abscess, which is located beyond the external anal sphincter.
What is a mass in bowel?
Causes of bowel cancer This produces a lump of tissue known as a tumour. Most cases of bowel cancer first develop inside clumps of cells on the inner lining of the bowel. These clumps are known as polyps. However, if you develop polyps, it does not necessarily mean you will get bowel cancer.
Is BPH pathological or physiological?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a pathologic process that contributes to, but is not the sole cause of, lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in aging men.