What does PPAR-gamma do?
PPAR-gamma decreases the inflammatory response of many cardiovascular cells, particularly endothelial cells. PPAR-gamma activates the PON1 gene, increasing synthesis and release of paraoxonase 1 from the liver, reducing atherosclerosis.
What does PPAR-gamma upregulate?
Upregulated PPARG2 facilitates interaction with demethylated AKAP12 gene promoter and suppresses proliferation in prostate cancer. Repression of PPARgamma reduces the ABCG2-mediated efflux activity of M2 macrophages.
How does PPAR-gamma increase insulin sensitivity?
PPARγ activation in mature adipocytes induces the expression of a number of genes involved in the insulin signaling cascade, thereby improving insulin sensitivity. PPARγ is the master regulator of adipogenesis, thereby stimulating the production of small insulin-sensitive adipocytes.
What is the function of the PPAR gene?
PPARs form heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and these heterodimers regulate transcription of various genes. Three subtypes of PPARs are known: PPAR-alpha, PPAR-delta, and PPAR-gamma. The protein encoded by this gene is PPAR-gamma and is a regulator of adipocyte differentiation.
Why is PPARG activated in breast cancer cells?
The activation of PPAR gamma by these and other ligands may be responsible for inhibiting the growth of cultured human breast, gastric, lung, prostate and other cancer cell lines. During embryogenesis, PPARG first substantially expresses in interscapular brown fat pad.
Where are PPAR receptors found in the human body?
Two isoforms of PPARG are detected in the human and in the mouse: PPAR-γ1 (found in nearly all tissues except muscle) and PPAR-γ2 (mostly found in adipose tissue and the intestine). This gene encodes a member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) subfamily of nuclear receptors.
What is the structure of PPARs?
Like other nuclear receptors, PPARs are modular in structure and contain the following functional domains : The DBD contains two zinc finger motifs, which bind to specific sequences of DNA known as hormone response elements when the receptor is activated. The LBD has an extensive secondary structure consisting of 13 alpha helices and a beta sheet.